Art History Essay Example for Free

Art History EssayJose De Ribera, Martydom of Saint Bartholomew, ca. 1639. Oil on canvas * Ribera uses this piece to turn past moodlization of any kind. * The drama and brutality expresses the harsh times of the Counter-Reformation. * We notice Caravaggios influence on Ribera through the naturalism and drama used in Martydom of Saint Bartholomew and Caravaggios many unravels.Francisco De Zurbaran, Saint Serapion, 1628. Oil on canvas* Serapion was a British martyr who was supposed to fight the Moors in Spain, who ended up being butchered in Algeria. * What makes this piece different is a complete lack of violence. There is no blood or any sign of a wound, as we can see his white robe is spotless. * Unlike most martyr paintings that make the subject seem heroic and brave, Zurbaran captures the true helplessness of the saint, winning the attestators emotions.Diego Velazquez, Water Carrier of Seville, ca. 1619. Oil on canvas * This piece captures the social issue of the rich and poor of Spain during the time. * The contrast of dark and light shows elements of Caravaggio, who Velaquez had studied. * Although this candidate shows everyday life, the care it conveys suggests a deeper meaning.Diego Velazquez, return of Breda, 1634-1635. Oil on canvas * Velazquez aided Philip IV in regaining power by using Surrender of Breda as propaganda. * This piece was not only a symbol of Spanish nationalism, but a tribute to Ambrogio Spinola, the Spanish general of this war. * Velazquezs relationship with Spinola make Surrender of Breda especially historically accurate.Diego Velazquez, King Philip IV of Spain (Fraga Philip), 1644. Oil on canvas * Velazquez portrays Philip as a military leader by focusing watchfulness on his marvelous red and silver campaign dress. * The painting is also known as Fraga Philip, because it was painted in the town of Fraga in Aragon. * This portrait was expert an some other example of Velazquezs propagandistic images used for King Philip I V.Diego Velazquez, Las Meninas, 1656. Oil on canvas* The use of depth and content in this piece helped plant Las Meninas as Velazquezs masterpiece. * The mirror on the back wall seems to be the reflection of the king and queen, meaning they are being painted on the other side of the room. * Velazquez actually painted himself as the artist in the room.Peter capital of Minnesota Rubens, Elevation of the Cross, 1610. Oil on panel * Rubens used elements both from the metempsychosis and of the Italian Baroque to create the first Pan-European style, as seen in Elevation of the Cross. * The tension is emotional and physical, as seen in Christs face and the trouble of his followers. * The drama is intensified by the strong use of light and dark.Peter Paul Rubens, drawing of Laocoon, ca. 1600-1608. Black-and-white chalk drawing with bistre wash * The predominantly black chalk drawing shows Rubens study of classical representation of the human form. * This piece is obviously a revisit of the marble sculpture that depicted Laocoon and his sons breakage free from serpents. * Rubens had a big focus on mastering the human body, which led him to copy classical works of earlier master artists, such as this piece.Peter Paul Rubens, Arrival of Marie de Medici at Marseilles, 1622-1625. Oil on canvas * The painting depicts Marie arriving in France after a long voyage from Italy. * The women waiting for her is an simile personified to represent France, and the goddesses, Neptune and the Nereids (daughters of the sea god Nereus), represent the sky and the sea rejoicing her safe arrival. * The surfaces are enriched with decoration to further bring the painting together.Peter Paul Rubens, Allegory of the Outbreak of War, 1638. Oil on canvas * The beautiful human forms and energy that take away attention from the chaos of this piece is a perennial theme in Rubens other works. * The Thirty Years War was Rubens reason to create Allegory. * The woman clothed in black, deprived of her jewels and ornaments is an unhappy Europe.Anthony Van Dyck, Charles I Dismounted, ca. 1635. Oil on canvas * Charles I turns his back on his attendants as he looks over his domain. * His location on higher ground gives us the idea he is higher than all of his observers and followers. * The king impersonates as a noble man for a casual walk in the park, but no i can take their eyes off his regal poise.Hendrick Ter Brugghen, Calling of Saint Matthew, 1621. Oil on canvas * The naturalistic presentation of the subjects echoes the work of Caravaggio. * This piece differs from work of Caravaggio because the use of color, rather than extreme contrast of light and dark. * There is a definite claustrophobic effect as noticed by the figures being crammed into a well-lit room.Gerrit Van Honthorst, Supper Party, 1620. Oil on canvas* In this painting, Honthorst portrays the darker side of humanity. * The man on the right being fed by the woman is sometimes interpret as a warning by Honthors t to avoid the sin of gluttony. * Honthorst frequently placed a hidden light source in his paintings, such as Supper Party, to work with violent dark and light effects.Frans Hals, Archers of Saint Hadrian, ca. 1633. Oil on canvas * The Archers were one of many militia groups that helped in liberating the Dutch Republic from Spain. * In this portrait, each man is a troop member yet individually different from the next. * The troop members attire further helps create a certain euphony to the piece.Frans Hals, The Women Regents of the Old Mens Home at Haarlem, 1664. Oil on canvas * This piece captures the details of each sitter and their cultural characteristics. * The women seem to start out different emotions all around, from complete disinterest to concern of their environment. * The monochromatic theme of this painting further adds to the paintings restraint.Rembrandt Van Rijn, Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, 1632. Oil on canvas * The students individual faces tell us each has differ ent feelings and thoughtsabout the man being dissected. * Van Rijn diagonally placed the body to break away from the strict horizontal orientation found in traditional paintings. * Rembrandt chose to have the students all on the left side to highlight Dr. Tulp and the body.

Ethics And Issues Essay Example for Free

Ethics And Issues EssayHow should schools deal with Internet plagiarism? There are many ways as to how a school do-nothing deal with internet plagiarism. Firstly, they should teach their students the importance of writing a fair work and the worth of hard work it has. Students need to have it off that any piece written by them is their own accomplished hard work that is entirely original. In such a way, they have learned the requirement elements of the work that the school teacher wanted them to work on. In other words, they have succeeded in meeting the requirements of the coursework, no field what grade they get.Secondly, teachers should highly accentuate on the topic of ethics and ethical writing to the students. Apart from these, a school has to be up-to-date regarding the different ways as to how the students plagiarize. Keeping a track on the past papers of the previous is one way. The other is to use anti-plagiarism software today. The popular software used these day s by the universities is Turnitin. com or Mydropbox. com. Students should be taught that plagiarism is a crime and is equivalent to stealing.Altering digital photos Art or FraudSimilar to plagiarizing, altering digital photos is fraud and can earn even effective consequences if used for financial or academic gains. Altering digital photos and stating it as your own work is like stealing person elses work, making some additions and stating it as your own. Just as the painting of Mona Lisa will always be the work of Leonardo Da Vinci, no matter how altered it is, any work done on anybodys presently done work is a crime. In my opinion, altering digital photos can neer be an art but a fraud because the original work is done by someone else. Photojournalism is mostly subjected to this fraud.If altering digital photos was to be considered as art, many people would misuse it to present as legal evidences. Since the natures of digital photos are, in a way, alterable, these pieces are nev er considered as a piece of legal evidence. Software have been developed where any alter in the digital images are spotted and traced that avoids altering of any digital piece as well up (Pearson, 2006). Altering any image or piece for ones own benefit in order to gain money is a crime, hence a fraud and not an art. Just as a re-mix music cannot be regarded as an original piece of art, altering digital photos, too cannot be regarded as an art.

Secondary Malignancies in Pediatric Population

Secondary Malignancies in pediatric PopulationSecondary malignancies in pediatric population a case series and literature reviewIntroductionAdvances in checkup c atomic number 18 therapies and archaeozoic diagnosis has fulfilled the hope for normal life foresight in many cancerous perseverings with a 5 class survival rate for at least 75% in childhood (1). Although expecting 70% long-term survive in children with described cancer, 60-70% of them will develop a consequential disability by the primary(a) cancer word as a cost(2). Development of mo cancer (a new cancer following the first aft(prenominal) a transact treatment , whether the onset is in childhood or as an adult, except histologically different from the origin) is a grieving expected side- effect embracing 6% of all diagnosed cancers in Unites states (3), as a result of the carcinogenic cause of chemotherapy drugs and shaft on both normal and cancerous cellular phones (4). When major risk factors for dev eloping the alternate malignancies in childhood survivors such as the primary origin, early diagnosis , onset age, duration of therapy , dose authorized and familial history of the cancer are considered , radiation associated solid tumors as well as hematological malignancies account for the most probable types in secondary cancers (5-8). in spite of the excellent prognosis for long-term survival in childhood nifty lymphoblastic leukemia, retinoblastoma and Hodgkin lymphoma , radiation associated secondary solid tumors almost covers two-thirds of all cases in long term (4, 9, 10). The increased risk of the incidence persists for at least 30 years aft(prenominal) the primary treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (11). Chemotherapy agents, such as alkylating agents have been proposed to play role in secondary cancers incidence. Although studies in field of secondary cancers and their relationship with administered treatment protocols have been a field of interest for queryers, data re garding this topic is rather inconclusive because of variety of factors involved (12, 13).In familiarize case series weigh, a series of pediatric secondary malignancies with different primary cancers and subsequent treatment protocol are presented.MethodsIn this case series deliberate, 11 samples were selected retrospectively from patients attending at Mahak Pediatric cancerous neoplastic disease Treatment and Research Center (Tehran, Iran) from 2007 to 2016, who were diagnosed with a secondary cancer. All a patients had been already diagnosed with a primary cancer and had received standard treatment protocol of primary cancer. Clinical information was obtained by the authors or provided by referring physicians. Using patients records, past medical history, type of primary and secondary cancer including regularity of diagnosis, cumulative doses of cytotoxic drugs and treatment outcome was extracted. In case of any missing records, patients were contacted to acquire required dat a. All patients had already undergone required diagnostic modalities to diagnose malignancies properly. A literature search in Ovid, Medline and PubMed was carried out using the terms secondary cancer, chemotherapy and radiotherapy to provide enough material to discuss findings. A medical information scientist performed the literature retrieval and the initial screening of relevant studies.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Quantitative data was expressed as stringent standard deviation and frequency (percentage).Case historyPatients primary malignancies type and administered therapy are shown in give in 1. Patients Secondary cancer type and features of therapy administered is shown in Table 2.Patients zero(prenominal)1 was a 15 years overaged girl, who presented with pain in only whentocks when she was 4 years old, then following devise marrow biopsy. She was first diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma. During 1 year of treatment, She underwent VAC/IE (vincrist ine (videocassette recorder) + doxorubicin (ADR) + cyclophosphamide (CPA) alternating with ifosfamide (IF) + etoposide) regimen. This treatment protocol led to finish remission. later on 1 year, during a routine laboratory test, elevated levels of white profligate cell was detected. Following flow-cytometry and cyto hereditary studies, pre-B cell precursor ALL diagnosis was confirmed, which was associated with central nervous system involvement according to lumbar puncture examination. During 3 years, she was administered with X regimen. Also, complete systema nervosum centrale prophylaxis protocol was also administered. Complete remission was confirmed for her later treatment. During 6 years of implement, she has non had any signs of relapse.Patient No.2 was a 12 years old boy, who attended clinic presenting with balance disorder. Following 24-hour urine catecholamine test and MIBG scan neuroblastoma diagnosis was made. He underwent OPEC regimen (vincristine, cisplatin, etopo side and cyclophosphamide) and daunorubicin, which led to remission. When he was 6 years old, in a routine laboratory test, elevated white rakehell cells were detected. Flow-cytometry studies indicated ALL(L1), so the patient was administered with standard regimen and intrathecal chemotherapy. This treatment led to complete remission. During 2 years of follow-up patients has no sign of relapse.Patient No.3 was a 14 year old, who had first presented with headache. Following imaging, meduloblastoma diagnosis was made. later 10 months of chemotherapy and radiation, patient had complete remission. Patient had a history of heart failure. Two years later, an elevated white blood cells were detected in complete blood count. Flow-cytometry studies revealed non-M3 AML. Despite chemotherapy, patient was expired after 12 days of treatment initiation.Patients No.4 was 12 years old girl, who presented with intermittent coughs. So, bronchoscopy was performed, which revealed small cell lung tumor . She underwent 4 months of chemotherapy , radiotherapy and pulmonic lobectomy. During this period, when she had been receiving chemotherapy for 3 months, she presented altered level of consciousness. Following lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid flowcytometry AML diagnosis was made. She underwent central nervous system prophylaxis. Despite 3 months of treatment, patient was expired.Patient No.5 is a 21 year old girl, who first presented with right sided pre-orbital swelling when she was 12 years old. Following biopsy, histiocytosis X diagnosis was made. After treatment she was in complete remission, but two years later a brain CT scan revealed signs of disease relapse. when 15 years old, delinquent to the elevated white blood cells count and flow-cytometry AML(M1) diagnosis was made. Although patient underwent 2 years of chemotherapy, she did not continue the treatment process, so she was lost to follow-up.Patient No.6 is a 13 year old girl, who was first diagnosed with reti noblastoma when she was 4 months old. She underwent VEC (vincristine+etoposide+carboplatin) chemotherapy protocol and radiotherapy. Enucleation was performed for both eyes when she was 2 years old. At last, patient had complete remission. When she was 11 years old, she attended clinic with right-sided face pain. After biopsy, osteosarcoma diagnosis was made. She underwent MAP protocol (High-dose methotrexate, cisplatin, and doxorubicin), ifosfamide and etoposide for 40 weeks. After complete remission, she has had no sign of relapse so far.Patient No.7 is a 12 years old boy, who was first diagnosed with actrocytoma grade II-III shown as a supratentorial mass in brain imaging which was confirmed by biopsy. Then, patient underwent PCV (lomustine + procarbazine + vincristine) plus temozolomide protocol and radiotherapy. After 6 courses of chemotherapy, patients underwent gross total resection of tumor. One year after complete remission, patient presented with backache. Biopsy indicated gliosarcoma. So far patient has undergone radiotherapy and surgery, also he is dummy up going through chemotherapy.Based on the literature review,DiscussionBased on information from the U.S. Surveillance Epidemiology, about 16 percent of cancers are in persons with a prior history of cancer. It is thought that the main point behind this phenomenon is that patients after treatment of cancer, patients live long enough to have second cancer (14). But as matter of fact, the cancer experience does not finish as treatment does. malignant neoplastic disease and the administered treatment (including radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, hormonal therapy, and newer drug therapies) can yarn-dye almost every aspect of an individuals life. Besides, not considering the secondary cancers as a part of natural incidences of time course, secondary cancers might be due to the treatments received by the patients at time of primary cancer treatment (15). Most of the therapies used in cancer, aim at dest roying cancerous cells by affecting their genetic structures, but in therapy process normal cell are also involved just as malignant cells. This involvement will consequently have to apoptosis, mutation or recovery. Mutations are tried to be minimized by the corrective mechanisms defined in cells and immune system (16). When these mechanisms fail a impertinently established malignity is unavoidable.Current study presents 7 patients with secondary cancers (5 hematological malignancies, 1 osteosarcoma and 1 gliosarcoma). All secondary malignancies in current study had mesanchymal components, also both localized secondary malignancies (gliosarcoma and osteosarcoma) were in previous radiotherapy field. Vincristine, etopside and alkylating agents (such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide) were the most used cytotoxic drugs. Both patients No.3 and 4 who were expired, had undergone chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Based on the literature review, alkylating agents such as ifosfamide and cycl ophosphamide are know of mainstays of treatments for hematologic malignancies, solid tumors and preconditioning regiments for hematologic stem cell transplantation, but it has been shown that they are important risk factors for schooling of secondary malignancies as they increase in the relative risk for a secondary malevolence of 1.5-2.5 (17-21). Especially, exposure to alkylating agents has been associated with an increased risk hematologic malignancies development, often referred to as therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia (22, 23). Therapy-related AML seems to have an onset within 5-7 years after therapy for primary cancer, and this risk appears to increase further with the concomitant use of epipodophyllotoxins such as etopside (24). In present case series, patients No. 1,2 and 4 had also received a combination of alkylating agents and etopside, which could have been a major risk factor for the secondary malignancy.In a study by Bhatia et al. investigating Therapy-relate d myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia after Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone, it was concluded that exposure to ifosfamide from 90 to 140 g/m2, cyclophosphamide from 9.6 to 17.6 g/m2, and doxorubicin from 375 to 450 mg/m2 increased the risk of tharapy related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia significantly (25). Patient No. 1 had also received doxorubicin, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide , but the cumulative doses were not that much of what Bhatia et al.(25) mentioned. In a study by Granowetter et al. about comparing dose-Intensified with standard chemotherapy for non-metastatic Ewing sarcoma, it was concluded that dose escalation of alkylating agents do not improve the outcome for patients with Ewing sarcoma of bone or soft tissue (25). So, by taking this into account, more cautious approaches should be chosen when deciding about chemotherapy doses, especially alkylating agents.Topoisomerase II inhibitors as some other well-known chemo altera tive agents are widely used treatment of pediatric malignancies. This category includes anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin) , anthracenediones as well as epipodophyllotoxins (e.g. etoposide and tenoposide)(26). Therapy related AMLs due to topoisomerase II inhibitors are known as an entity of therapy and incidence varies in literature, but has been reported as high as 9% (27-29). In contrast to the latency period after exposure to alkylating agents which was about 5-7 years, therapy related AMLs after topoisomerase II exposures have a more early onset, usually within 2-3 years after primary malignancy chemotherapy (24). In present case series, the time interval between secondary AMLs and primary therapy were less than 2 years, which is less than what mentioned for alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors this might be due to the combination of these categories in our therapy protocols. Based on studies, the most effective agents against secondary hematologic malignancies due t o top topoisomerase II inhibitors are cytarabine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, docetazel, mitoxantrone, gemcitabine, mitomycin C, etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, triethylnemelamine, and vinblastine (30-32). Also, in present case series, following agents were used for secondary malignancy chemotherapy.Ionizing radiation as a standard of care for many pediatric malignancies is used in many conditions such as CNS malignancies, Hodgkins lymphoma, solid tumors and as part of preconditioning regimens for hematologic stem cell transplantation (33). Carcinogen role of ionizing radiation is reported in detail in the literature. According to The Childhood Cancer subsister Study, ionizing radiation exposure was accompanied with a relative risk of developing secondary malignancy of 2.7, and was also the strongest independent risk factor for secondary malignancy development (34). In a study based on German Childhood Cancer Registry, it was concluded that ionizing radiation after adjustment for various chemotherapy was associated with an odds ratio of developing a secondary malignancy at 2.05 (35). For the development of secondary malignancy after radiation the latency period is typically 10-15 years after primary treatment is typically 10-15 years after primary treatment (36). mutual secondary malignancies seen in pediatric population with prior cancer history include bone tumors, breast and thyroid carcinoma, non-melanoma skin cancer and benign CNS tumors. These tumors are often associated with previously irradiated treatment region (4, 37-39) in present case series, patients No. 3, 4, 6 and 7 had received radiotherapy, and in patients No. 6 and 7 had the secondary malignancies where the prior field of radiotherapy was, although incidence of these malignancies are far less than the latency period mentioned.Radiotherapy is the most important therapeutic modality in the treatment of many primary CNS tumors, so this have brought secondary malignancies as an undeniable com ponent of this modality (40). In a study by Packer et al. studying survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, reported on 359 children with medulloblastoma treated with 2,340 cGy of craniospinal radiation with 5,580 cGy of posterior pitfall radiotherapy and chemotherapy, also it was reported that 5 percent of patients developed a secondary malignancy, with a majority of them being highly aggressive gliomas. The median time to a secondary malignancy was 5.8 years, with an estimated cumulative incidence rate at 5 and 10 years of 1.1 percent and 4.2% percent, respectively (41) similar to this study, in present case series, patient No. 7 who had undergone radiotherapy due to astrocytoma, developed gliosarcoma as the secondary tumor. Fortunately this patients is currently under treatment and his condition is improving. closePresent case series study, presented a series of patients with secondary neoplasms with their a dministered cumulative doses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Considering this , these information might lead to a more cautious approach in selecting chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocols. Further studies should focus on comparing different treatment protocols with adequate follow-up period not also to evaluate treatment efficacy, but to assess long term consequences. Also, studies with more detailed treatment protocol of patients with secondary malignancies should be performed to make a more precise conclusion.References1.Bhatia S, Sklar C. Second cancers in survivors of childhood cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer. 20022(2)124-32.2.Hall EJ. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, protons, and the risk of second cancers. 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Risk factors for the development of secondary malignancy after high-dose chemotherapy and autograft, with or without rituximab a 20-year retrospective follow-up study in patients with lymphoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2010JCO. 2010.28. 9777.8.Neglia JP, Friedman DL, Yasui Y, Merte ns AC, Hammond S, Stovall M, et al. Second malignant neoplasms in five-year survivors of childhood cancer childhood cancer survivor study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 200193(8)618-29.9.Kleinerman RA, Tucker MA, Tarone RE, Abramson DH, Seddon JM, Stovall M, et al. Risk of new cancers after radiotherapy in long-term survivors of retinoblastoma an extended follow-up. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 200523(10)2272-9.10.Miralbell R, Lomax A, Cella L, Schneider U. Potential reduction of the incidence of radiation-induced second cancers by using proton beams in the treatment of pediatric tumors. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 200254(3)824-9.11.Tward JD, Wendland MM, Shrieve DC, Szabo A, Gaffney DK. The risk of secondary malignancies over 30 years after the treatment of nonHodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 2006107(1)108-15.12.Travis LB, Gospodarowicz M, Curtis RE, Aileen Clarke E, Andersson M, Glimelius B, et al. Lung Cancer Following Chemotherapy and Rad iotherapy for Hodgkins Disease. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 200294(3)182-92.13.Veiga LHS, Bhatti P, Ronckers CM, Sigurdson AJ, Stovall M, Smith SA, et al. Chemotherapy and Thyroid Cancer Risk A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 201221(1)92-101.14.Andrykowski MA. Physical and mental health status of survivors of multiple cancer diagnoses. Cancer. 2012118(14)3645-53.15.Boffetta P, Kaldor JM. Secondary malignancies following cancer chemotherapy. Acta Oncologica. 199433(6)591-8.16.Obeid M, Panaretakis T, Tesniere A, Joza N, Tufi R, Apetoh L, et al. Leveraging the immune system during chemotherapy moving calreticulin to the cell surface converts apoptotic death from silent to immunogenic. Cancer Research. 200767(17)7941-4.17.Mertens AC, Liu Q, Neglia JP, Wasilewski K, Leisenring W, Armstrong GT, et al. Cause-Specific Late Mortality Among 5-Year Survivors of Childhood Cancer The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Jour nal of the National Cancer Institute. 2008100(19)1368-79.18.Hawkins MM, Wilson LMK, Burton HS, Potok MH, overwinter DL, Marsden HB, et al. Radiotherapy, alkylating agents, and risk of bone cancer after childhood cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 199688(5)270-8.19.Christiansen DH, Andersen MK, Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Mutations of AML1 are common in therapy-related myelodysplasia following therapy with alkylating agents and are significantly associated with gash or loss of chromosome arm 7q and with subsequent leukemic transformation. Blood. 2004104(5)1474-81.20.Davies SM. Therapyrelated leukemia associated with alkylating agents. Medical and pediatric oncology. 200136(5)536-40.21.Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Insights into leukemogenesis from therapy-related leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005352(15)1591-4.22.Schoch C, Kern W, Schnittger S, Hiddemann W, Haferlach T. Karyotype is an independent prognostic parameter in therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) an analysis of 93 patients with t-AML in comparison to 1091 patients with de novo AML. Leukemia. 200418(1)120-5.23.Linassier C, Barin C, Calais G, Letortorec S, Bremond J-L, Delain M, et al. Early secondary acute myelogenous leukemia in breast cancer patients after treatment with mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil and radiation therapy. memorial of oncology. 200011(10)1289-94.24.Hijiya N, Ness KK, Ribeiro RC, Hudson MM. Acute leukemia as a secondary malignancy in children and adolescents current findings and issues. Cancer. 2009115(1)23-35.25.Bhatia S, Krailo MD, Chen Z, Burden L, Askin FB, Dickman PS, et al. Therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia after Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone a report from the Childrens Oncology Group. Blood. 2007109(1)46-51.26.Hande KR. Topoisomerase II inhibitors. update on cancer therapeutics. 20083(1)13-26.27.Hijiya N, Hudson MM, Lensing S, Zacher M, Onciu M, Behm FG, et al. Cumulative incidence of secondary neoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Jama. 2007297(11)1207-15.28.Pui CH, Relling MV. Topoisomerase II inhibitorrelated acute myeloid leukaemia. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2003100(24)13761-6.34.Friedman DL, Whitton J, Leisenring W, Mertens AC, Hammond S, Stovall M, et al. Subsequent neoplasms in 5-year survivors of childhood cancer the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2010102(14)1083-95.35.Kaatsch P, Reinisch I, Spix C, Berthold F, Janka-Schaub G, Mergenthaler A, et al. Case-control study on the therapy of childhood cancer and the occurrence of second malignant neoplasms in Germany. Cancer causes control. 200920(6)965-80.36.Goldsby R, Burke C, Nagarajan R, Zhou T, Chen Z, Marina N, et al. Second solid malignancies among children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with malignant bone tumors after 1976. Cancer. 2008113(9)2597-604.37.Constine LS, Tarbell N, Hudson MM, Schwartz C, Fisher SG, Muhs AG, et al. Subsequent malig nancies in children treated for Hodgkins disease associations with gender and radiation dose. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 200872(1)24-33.38.Kry SF, Salehpour M, Followill DS, Stovall M, Kuban DA, White RA, et al. The metrical risk of fatal secondary malignancies from intensity-modulated radiation therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 200562(4)1195-203.39.Werner-Wasik M, Swann RS, Bradley J, Graham M, Emami B, Purdy J, et al. Increasing tumor volume is predictive of poor boilers suit and progression-free survival Secondary analysis of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 93-11 phase I-II radiation dose-escalation study in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 200870(2)385-90.40.Soussain C, Ricard D, Fike JR, Mazeron J-J, Psimaras D, Delattre J-Y. CNS complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The Lancet. 2009374(9701)1639-51.41.Pack er RJ, Zhou T, Holmes E, Vezina G, Gajjar A. Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy results of Childrens Oncology Group trial A9961. Neuro-Oncology. 2012.Table 1- Primary malignancies, administered cytotoxic and radiation therapies administered to patients .Patient No.Primary malignancyAge at diagnosisTreatment durationChemotherapy(cumulative doses)Radiotherapy(cumulative doses)1Ewing sarcoma4 y/o1 yearVCR 9.9 mgVP16 3630 mgIF 55 grADR 140 mgCPA 7 gr2Neuroblastoma18 mo.22 mo.VCR 9 mgCPA 3.5 grVP16 cd mgADR 60 mgCisplatin 160 mg3Meduloblastoma1010 monthsVCR 24 mgCCNU 320 mg360 Gy and180 Gy (posterior fossa)4 slim round cell tumor124 monthsVCR 12 mgIF 60 grVP16 3.9 gr8 Gy5Histiocytosis X121 yearVinblastine 135 mg6Retinoblastoma4 mo.14 monthsVCR 14 mgVP16 700 mgCarboplatin 3.5 gr60 Gy7Astrocytoma2 months6 months months

Trade Unions And Disputes Management Essay

mountain Unions And Disputes Management Essay swap unions ignore be defined as, Organization whose rank and file consists of workers and union leaders, and whose principal purposes are to negotiate wages and foothold of working condition, regulate transaction between employees and the employer, shit collective action to enforce the basis of collective bargaining, raise wants on behalf of its members, and jock settle their problems (Business Directory, 2009). affair unions are generally classified as, company union that represents interests of only one firm and whitethorn not fix any relation with the trade in union movement industrial union represents workers of several firms from the same industry and craft union represents complete workers in a particular field such as carpentry or welding (Business Dictionary, 2009). A working definition of Trade Unions was provided by Sydney and Beatrice Webb (History of Trade Unions, 1920) as a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment.In the view of the above, it can be stated that Trade unions help the employees by negotiating for best income and expose conditions at workplace for them which is cognize as collective bargaining. The ACAS Code of Practice No2 Disclosure of Information to trade unions, which is based on collective bargaining, provides recomm finaleation on good exercise (Employee communications and Consultations, ACAS, 2005). They provide information and guidance to its members if they undergo a problem regarding the workplace. A set-up of health and natural rubber representatives is also provided at the workplace by the trade union for both employers and employees. Trade unions are interested in promoting equal opportunities at work and providing source and support to their members on the legislation. They run campaigns to protect the rights of the employees and improve their quality of working lives. in that resp ect are numerous other go which trade unions provides to its member unconnected from the ones stated above are education and training for a better future and security, fiscal aid and discounts, and welfare hits (TUC, 2009).It has been witnessed in the past that there is a rise in the ratio of number of employers wanting to work with trade unions. TUC today published a report stating that both employers and employees benefit from partnership. Thus a well-built judgement will be analysed in details further which will highlight the fact that management likes to deal with their employees with unions rather than dealing with them on individual basis.Analysis of the StatementThe employment law system at present is rooted with the roles that the trade unions perform with numerous actions. Advice is given in terms of redundancy, where in, employers need to involve the union in decision-making. The union tries to negotiate birth and conditions terms of employees with the employers and i f situation goes out of hand they provide full support to its members in industrial action (Employment Law, 2009). Trade unions provide help to people at work undergoing problems like job loss, grievance, legal procedures and action. Trade unions provide character services to its members and employees check now begun to recognise trade unions as employers promote unionism. It has been seen from a TUC report that almost 32% of workplaces recruit people who recognise Trade Unions (TUC, 2009).In United Kingdom, a large number of industrial sectors and various types of jobs in different sectors which provides the workers support with multiple skills and job description are represented by the unions. UNITE, UNICENT, UK Steel Union are some examples of such unions. Thus the role played by trade union has become well recognized within the employment law system with the presence of a number of policies that leads into address with unions regarding issues faced by the management (Employm ent Law, 2009).It has also been noticed that places which recognise unions have better workplace environment and conditions then places which are non- unionised. There are health and safety representatives provided by the Union, who help the management to avoid losses from problems like dour leave, lost work and claim for compensation. Unions provide guidance and help to employers to help reduce the level of stress at work. Trade unions, treats its members as equals and protects the rights of people subjected to discrimination. Trade Union provides training sessions for promoting learning to its members. Training helps the workers involved in low- paid and less good jobs, as it helps in improving the skills of the labour force. Recently, trade unions have started providing more services to its members. These services attract more members as it satisfies their needs. Services like accident and sickness insurance cover, legal advice on personal issues, financial services and discoun ts, education and training (TUC, 2009).Effective communication and consultation should be provided by an organisation for which it has to be structured in an orderly way. Senior managers should compact the initiative to draw up such policies and keep in mind to involve the employees. The places where Trade Unions are recognised, the employers must get their conformity before the insurance is introduced. To enable members to participate fully in union affairs the Unions help the shop stewards and other officials get time off to maintain healthy relations with the employees as well as with the employers. The employers should be familiar with their duties and provide proper facilities. Trade unions further the interest of the workers in many ways, for instance by campaigning, lobbying governments (Employee Communications and Consultations, ACAS, 2005).Trade unions have recently started promoting a new concept which is known as learning at workplace. The Union Learning Representatives (ULR) are a convention of union advocates who are trained in providing consultation to its members on learning needs and opportunities (GMB Work, 2009).The main aim of the ULRs is to encourage its members to improve their skills, improve the standards of training and cultivation at workplace by counselling, identify the needs of its members, unions and the local authorities on issues related to learning and further discuss it with the employers for consideration to implement it. The ULRs have received recognition, as per the Employment Act 2002, according to which they have the legal right to get paid time off to perform their roles in a proper manner (Prospect Union for Professionals, November 2009 and Union Learn Functions and Rights. Sec 3).A rise in employer dealing with trade unions and not individual employees directly has been witnessed. There is a strong business case which will be analysed in more details. A TUC today report shows that companies which recognise Trade Uni ons perform better than other companies. TUC General Secretary, John Monks said This is the most authoritative research so far that shows that unions can be a boon to business. Partnership makes managers take their workforce with them. This is no burden on business but a secret to success.The above report states that the TUC had made an announcement that it would open an institute of Partnership. The trade union focussed on partnership, adding value to the union by union membership (in organisations like Unionlearn) and employment law. Unionlearn provides generic services, which can be used by individual unions for their training and learning (Unionlearn, 2009)The Workplace Employee Relations Survey shows that companies that recognise unions and high commitment personnel practices have a better financial death penalty and productivity than other companies in the same sector (PR Newswire, April 2000).There are other surveys which also conclude that the employers attitude towards uni ons have become less offensive (Poole et al., 2005). The goal of any organisation is to reap benefits. Employers work hand in hand with Trade Unions to gain profits, by establishing a working Partnership with them.The Employers benefit in a number of ways, when they establish partnership with Trade Unions. Dealing with the employees through Trade Unions is gainful as they are saved from going to the Tribunals with their claims. When Trade Unions are associated with the workforce, it leads to employee satisfaction. As they help their members by negotiating over Pay and other conditions with the management. Thus, in turn is beneficial for both employers and the employees. Trade Unions convey to the workers the agreed terms. The employers do not get involved which in turn, saves their time and they can concentrate on making more strategic decisions. Here, there would be no employer- employee conflict. The employers do not have to deal with large number of employees directly. Therefore , no individual negotiations would be required. The union health representatives work along with the employers to reduce stress at work. No industrial action would be taken by the union. All the trivial issues can be dealt directly by the union (Gennard and Judge, 2005).In 1998, the TUCs Organizing academy was opened to train officers in the field of recruitment and organizing techniques and to assign them to priority recruitment campaigns recognized jointly by the TUC and member-unions. If the TUC is to maintain a plausible set as a respected representative of labour force, it is believed, it ought to invalidate the two-decade decline in union membership and this, in turn, will require a change of direction of union activity towards new categories of worker in new sectors of employment (Heery, 1998).From the above report it can be stated that TUC trained employees and developed skilled workers, which in turn would help the employers to get through the organizational goal. There are some negative impacts of trade unions as well. The employers cannot give performance related pay and cant remove the low skilled worker, if he is a member of the union as this would lead to strikes and disputes, which in turn would hamper the production. Sometimes the unions demand more than expected, which is again a problem for the employer. This is the ERA of change and globalization, during this period the employers would want to build good relations with the employees as they are their key resource, to achieve the organizational goals. So the employers must deal with the Trade Unions, as the changes can be made without any repercussions.Initiatives that directly involved employees and (significantly) sought to promote higher(prenominal) performance were tending to replace or supplement indirect means of communication like joint consultation. Gradually this process of two-way communication became known as employee voice. It appeals both to that seeking greater business effic iency and to those looking for employee rights (CIPD, 2009).As cited above it can be clearly stated that joint consultation included the managers and employee representatives, which included the trade union representative. Agreeing a constitution earlier helped in avoiding conflicts and misunderstandings and thus paved a way for positive business.I would end the debate by stating that there is a positive business case for employers dealing with their work force through unions. Partnership at work can help bring higher productivity, enhanced performance and flourishing changes to the organization. Whether it is a change in administration or adapting new techniques, dealing with workforce through trade unions has a positive impact in achieving organizational goals. There would be growth in industrial relations as communication and consultation becomes easier. For the employees, more opportunities would be provided for training and development which in turn leads to greater job securit y and all this leads to sustainability.

Methods of measuring stress and their effectiveness

Methods of measuring centering and their lastingnessFirstly introduced by Hans Selye (1950), the term nervous strain is more apply to describe an individuals state of tension which is often seen as being related to modern bread and butter. However, tension assessment is made using different method which includes ego-importance reportBiomedicalPhysiologicalSelf report Life events (Holmes and Rahe 1976)The most common steering of assessing try is by self-importance-report questionnaires, in which individuals answer questions ab expose their rational or physical state. As a resoluteness, 2 medical doctors, Holmes and Rahe (1976) suggested that major conduct events, whether good or bad, were potentially striveful. Holmes and Rahe were the first to record the effect of life events in a systematic demeanor. By their study, they observed that patient ofs often experience several life events in the months before the onset of malady, and as a result, these life events seem ed to be associated with poor health and essay. They suggested that, stress is ca employ by change that hindquarters lead to greater susceptibility to physical and mental health disorders. They demonstrated the associations betwixt life events, stress and unhealthiness by developing close to method of measuring life events. Accordingly, they compiled the Social Readjustment Rating forbiddengo (SRRS) by examining 5000 patient records and making a list of 43 life events two positive and negative that seemed to precede illness . Approximately 400 participants were involved in the evaluation of each item in terms of the quantity of stress produced, out of which 500 was assigned to marriage as a reference point. The averaged results were then change integrity by 10 to get a measure of the individual events in terms of life change units (LCU).An example of Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)LIFE EVENTSRankLife EventStress Value1Death of a spouse1002Divorce733Marital separati on654Jail term635Death of a close family member636 ain imperfection or illness537Marriage508Fired at work479Marital propitiation4510Retirement4513Sex problematicies3923Son or daughter leaving2938 turn in sleeping habits1640Change in eating habits1541Vacation1342Christmas1243 minor(ip) violations of the lawlaw11ReferenceAdapted from Holmes, T., Rahe, R. (1967). The social readjustment rating descale. Journal of psychosomatic inquiry, 11, 213-218.Doctors, Holmes and Rahe (1967) findings suggested that the stress of life events is correlated with physical illness therefrom experiencing life events increases the chances of stress-related health breakdown. They were however criticised for being bias by investigating only Ameri deal men and using only correlational methods.Assessing the effectiveness of the Self report as a method of stress measurementThe SRRS provides the basis for perhaps the most active current bea of stress research and overly retrospective investigation usin g either the SRRS or SRE (Schedule of Recent Experience) have demonstrated a linear relationship amongst mounting life change, cardiac death, accidents, diabetes, leukaemia and infectious disease (Holmes Masuda, 1974).Using the research questionnaire, Holmes Rahe (1950) tested various sub-groups to see if the ratings were consistent, e.g. male and female, single and married and so on. As there was untouch suitable agreement between different groups, it seemed that the SRRS was a valid measure for all types of people regardless of their backgrounds. This contributes to the effectiveness of the self report method of stress measurement.This SRRS questionnaire (Holmes and Rahe, 1976) has served as a well-known as well asl for measuring the amount of stress star has experienced within the past category. Taking the test can help one see clearly if theyre at risk of illness due to stress.The method provided nigh of the first evidence that there is a genuine association between nerve -racking life events and physical illness.Also, the fact that physical health was assessed after life events increases the chances that life events were helping to spend a penny problems with physical health, rather than the new(prenominal) way roundThe Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and the research associated with it represent a major breakthrough, this is because, it is now generally accepted that life events of various kinds can influence our psychological well-being and our physical and mental health.The development of the SRRS has made it easier to carry out research to test these ideas. This in turn has led to a cle arr understanding of the ways in which life events affect us.Indirect evidence that stressful life events play a role in life large(p) diseases was reported by Selye, Tache and Day (1979).According to these researchers, cancer was more common among adults who divorced, widowed or separated than among those who were married. The most likely explanation is that, those who were not married were punctuate because of lack of social support. It is however hard to establish causal relationships from such entropy (SSRS data). Perhaps those who were divorced or separated were more vulnerable to stress than those who were married hence, this stress vulnerability played a role in the collapse of their marriagesOne of the limitations to this method is that, it has often been assumed that almost any stern life can help to produce any type of illness. This has led to a relative ignoring of more circumstantial effects. Supporting evidence to this effect was where, two men, Finlay -Jones and Brown (1981) found that anxious patients were more likely than depressed patients to have experienced danger events(involving future threats), whereas depressed patients were more likely to have experienced loss events (involving past loses). More research into such studies will however be useful.Another negative side of the SRRS is that, a number of st udies have shown that peoples illness rates increase following increase rates in stress scores. However, a number of items on the scale ar vague e.g. personal injury or illness appears to suggest that someone could have the same stress score for flu and cancer. Second, there is no general failure to consider the cushion of an event on an individual. Christmas is considered to be a mildly stressful event, yet to some people, Christmas may seem extremely stressful, as it may emphasize their loneliness.The SRRS has impudence validity because many of the events listed are easily recognisable as stressful events. The values Allocated to each stress event have been carefully calculated from data provided by the opinions of many people. The survey form can be take ined out easily and quickly.With reference to Raphael et al. (1991), Self-report measures of life events are unreliable. A study had subjects fill out a scale regarding life events they experienced during the prior year. The subjects then filled out the same Questionnaire e very month for a year. Towards the end of the year the reports were quite different from the ones made at the beginning of the year (Raphael, et al. 1991). The questionnaire or scale also ignores chronic stresses such as money problems, general hassles etc. Taking this into account, the measure could be considered invalid.Biomedical Stress and ulcers (Brady 1958)One of the biomedical methods of measuring stress is the evidence that stress may be a causal factor in stomach ulcers. This research was first described by Joseph Brady (1958). Brady did classic studies linking high levels of stress to increased hormone production and the development of ulcers. Brady did this by placing monkeys in res genteelness chairs and conditioned them to press a lever. The monkeys were then given shocks every 20 seconds unless the lever was pressed during the same time. This experiment however came to an abrupt accommodate when unexpectedly many of t he monkeys died because of ulcers ca utilise by raised gastrointestinal hormone levels. The question put forward was whether the ulcers resulted from the electric shock or the stress. To enhance his results, Brady and his mates used yoked controls where one monkey called executive was liable for controlling the lever while a second monkey received the shocks but had no control oer the lever. Thus, only the executive monkey had the physiologic stress of having to press the lever, but both animals received shocks. after 23 days of 6 hours on and despatch schedule, the executive monkey died because of perforated ulcer. Brady initially thought that the stress might be related to the reinforcement schedule. He also tried several other routines such as 18 hours on and 6 hours off and tested the executive monkey to find out that stomach acidity was greatest during this period.After the experiment, Brady concluded that it was clearly stress, not the shocks that created the ulcers. Having s aid that, he also concluded that the greatest danger happened while the sympathetic arousal stopped and the stomach was make full with digestive hormones, which is a parasympathetic rebound linked with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, hence HPA.Assessing the effectiveness of the biomedical as a method of stress measurementThe research carried out by Brady (1958) proved effectively that stress may be a causal factor in stomach ulcers. Stress often increases the secretion of hydrochloric acid, which plays in the development of some ulcers. Stress also weakens the defences of the gastrointestinal tract against this acid, thereby permitting gastric ulcers to develop. (Pinel, 1997).Supporting evidence to the effectiveness of Bradys experiment is Weiner et al. (1957) findings in support to Bradys experiment. Weiner et al. (1957) used army recruits to test for the effectiveness of Bradys experiment. Prior to rudimentary tuition, the soldiers were tested and classed on the ba sis of their release of digestive enzymes as over-secretors or under -secretors. After quartette months of stressful training, 14% of the over-secretors had developed ulcers, whereas none of the under-secretors had. This suggests not only that the same principles apply to humans, but also that individual differences may be primal in view of the fact that not all of the over-secretors developed ulcers.Biochemical method of measuring stress involves adrenaline and noradrenalin hormones. These hormones provides effective measures of stressThe research also suggested that too very much stress at work can lead to development of ulcers.Bradys experiment was however criticised for not randomly selecting the monkeys and also, using non-human samplesSubsequent research has also demonstrated that ulcers are not always stress related, there could be an underlying biological cause. E.g. fungiBradys experiment is associated with the Hypothalamic -Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis, this in effect e levates levels of glucose and some hormones including the ACTH (Acetylcholine) and the body continues to use its resources at an accelerating rate.Stress-triggered increases in heart rate and rent pressure. This may result in the deterioration and blocking of blood vessels thereby increasing cardiovascular disorders and chronic stress.Many physical, organisational and social factors in the work come on can become sources of stress, usually exerting a relatively long-term, stable and chronic influence. roleplay overload, lack of control, and poor interpersonal relations at work may all lead distress, ill health and eventual burnout. Hence, biomedical serves as a suitable method for assessing stress at a work placePhysiological BiofeedbackPhysiological measures in stress provide indications of the level of sympathetic nauseous arousal. This can include a persons heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate and so on. One of the common physiological methods used in measuring s tress is biofeedback.Biofeedback is a technique which involves recording the application of the physiological systems of the bodys stress response, that is the heart rate, blood pressure or tension in the neck muscles. This enables the individual to monitor their own physiological arousal in real times and develop control over it (Gatchel, 1997). During the process, the individual is attached is attached to a machine which produces feedback most some physiological activity such as an auditory or visual signal to indicate whether his / her heart rate is too high or moderate. The individual is also happy in techniques to reduce physiological aspects of stress such as relaxation training. One of the common ways humans can learn to control their top dog-waves is by using electroencephalogram ( encephalogram) biofeedback.Electroencephalogram (EEG)An EEG involves placing electrodes on a persons scalp to record the small changes in electrical activity of the brain. These changes are d isplayed on a computer screen. EEGs are often used to measure changes in brain activity during the different stages of sleep however, in biofeedback EEG is used to give visual feedback of the activity of the waking brain. Biofeedback training however involves three stages, they includeDeveloping an awareness of the particular physiological response such as the heart rateLearning ways of controlling that physiological response in quiet conditions. This can include providing rewards for successful control in addition to no feedbackTransferring that control into the conditions of everyday life.Assessing the effectiveness of biofeedback as a method of measuring stressThis method has been effective in significant long-term reductions in stress in everyday life and has also led to benefits by producing a consciousness of control rather than purely psychological methods. Attanasio et al (1985) researched and found that biofeedback helped teenagers and children with stress related disorder s to gain control over the symptoms of migraine headaches. The coming was however criticised that it treated symptoms rather than underlying conditions.Biofeedback has enjoyed a brief soar of popularity since its inception in the late 1960s. It has successfully treated many medical problems, particularly stress related illnesses such as incontinence, anxiety, hypertension, circulatory problems, irritable catgut syndrome and so on.Since its inception, it has produced significant long term reductions in stress in everyday life without any side effects unlike the other physiological approach (drugs)Biofeedback may lead to benefits by producing a sense of control rather than purely psychological methods. It is however not invasive, but rather voluntary.Arguably, the benefits of biofeedback could be gained from another relaxation technique and so biofeedback is an unnecessary expense. This serves as a limitation to biofeedback as a method of measuring stress.Recommendation of one way o f stress measurement for use by the companyAbove all these methods of measuring stress, I will recommend life events which falls under self report because it is by this way that the individual can fully express his/her lookingings and pain through subjective questionnaire about their mental and physical state.Criteria 3.1Physiological approach to stress management and controlStress control and management is the attempt that is made to cope with stress through reduction of the of the stress response. there are many approaches to trim back a persons stress levels, but usually, it is aimed at the physiological and psychological effects of stress. The basic target for stress management is usually base on changing the individuals perception of the stressor.Physiological approaches to stress management are techniques that try to control the bodys response to stress by reducing physiological activity. The physiological components of stress can include physiological arousal, sleep dist urbance, fatigue, gastrointestinal disturbances, headaches, concentration problems, increased rule of irritability and anger, agitation, increased likelihood for illness, and reduced productivity. The impact and the expression of these stress symptoms vary with the individual and the stressful event. Two physiological methods for controlling stress include biofeedback and stress. However, I am going to evaluate one out these two, which is Anti-anxiety drugs technique.Anti-anxiety drugsAnti-anxiety drugs are medicines that are used calming and relaxing grueling stress cases. They can also be used to calm nervousness, tension or for specific phobia disorder. The human body produces chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters that create anxiety, which can be countered using other chemical substances such as drugs that reduce anxiety. There are different types of anti- anxiety that work through different mechanisms. The most common drugs areBeta-blockersBenzodiazepinesAlcohol (r arely used)Beta-blockersBeta-blockers are one of the drugs used control stress by reducing activity in the sympathetic nervous system. They have a direct action on the heart and circulatory system hence they decrease the heart rate and lower peripheral blood pressure. Their effects are on the body however, they do not have direct effects on brain activity. Lau et al. (1992) considered the findings from numerous studies in a meta-analysis hence combining data from several studies. Thus, beta-blockers have proved useful in reducing blood pressure and in treating patients with heart disease. Psychological research also concludes that, the drug reduced the risk of death by about 20% in patients pitiable from heart disease. It also enhances performance in musicians and public speakers (Taylor 1995). However, one disadvantage of beta-blockers is that, they target symptoms rather than causes of anxiety and stress hence providing only temporary improvement.Benzodiazepinessometimes when dru gs are taken, they elapse in natural processes by controlling the action of neurotransmitters. Types of benzodiazepines include Valium and Librium which are used for increasing the neurotransmitter GABA, which decreases serotonin activity, which at last reduces arousal. Benzodiazepines are very effective and used worldwide by approximately hundred million people. Despite its effectiveness, benzodiazepines have got some side effects which are linked to low levels of serotonin. Common effects can include drowsiness, causing of cognitive and memory impairments, feelings of depression, and interacting unpredictably with alcohol Ashton (1997). Another effect of the drug is that, it is more likely to be involved with accident.Strengths of Anti-anxiety drugsAnti-anxiety drugs can be very effective in controlling severe feelings of stress. Beta blockers for instance act on the involuntary nervous system to reduce heart rate/blood pressure physiological stress arousal.Anti-depressant drugs , less often used, can be take into account for severe anxietyBenzodiazepines such as Valium increase the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain.Anti-anxiety drugs decrease arousal and relax the body by reducing tension in the muscles. Since stress response involves high arousal, tranquillizers may in some cases reduce stress flunkes of Anti-anxiety drugsAnti-anxiety drugs like benzodiazepines work by reducing brain activity. While this temporarily relieves anxiety, it can also lead to unwanted side effects.The higher the dose, the more pronounced these side effects typically are. But some people feel sleepy, foggy, and uncoordinated even on low doses of benzodiazepines, which can cause problems with work, school, or everyday activities such as driving. Some even feel a medication hangover the next day.Because benzodiazepines are metabolized slowly, the medication can build up in the body when used over longer periods of time. The result is over sedation. Peo ple who are over sedated may look like theyre drunk.Anxyolitic drugs can cause psychological and physical dependence, tolerance and addiction.Psychological approach to stress management and controlPsychological approach to stress control and management are the techniques that try to control the cognitive, social, and emotional responses to stress. They do this by addressing the underlying cause of stress such as faulty thinking. This approach works by changing the persons perception of the stressor and increasing their perception control. One psychological approach to stress control and management is the cognitive-behavioral therapy.Cognitive-behavioral therapyCognitive-behavioral therapy to controlling stress is based on the cognitive appraisal definition of stress and aims to change a persons perceptions and thoughts relating to, and dealing with stressful disorders. This therapy is appropriate for dealing with stress hence the assumption behind the cognitive approach is that, it is the way one thinks about the problem that is maladaptive. Thus, if an individual can be trained to reorganize their thinking and self-beliefs, the underlying problem itself may simply disappear. This approach to managing stress involves stress inoculation training and hardiness training.Stress inoculation trainingStress inoculation training (SIT) Unlike many cognitive therapies, stress inoculation training (SIT) is a more problem-focused coping strategy. It was developed by Donald Meichenbaum (1977, 1985) and the basic idea was to prepare individuals to cope with potential stressors. According to Meichenbaum (1985), the best way to cope with stressors is to go on the offensive and try to pre-empt them. People should try to name sources of stress and have effective coping strategies ready to put in place. Meichenbaum (1985) describes SIT asAnalogous to the concept of medical inoculation against infectious diseases It is intentional to build psychological antibodies or coping ski lls, and to enhance resistance through exposure to stimuli that are strong enough to arouse defences without being so sinewy as to overcome them. (Meichenbaum 1985)There are three main phases in stress inoculation training1. Assessment with this training, the therapists discuss the nature of the problem with the individual, and gazump the individuals perception of how to eliminate it. Meichenbaum (1985) considers this relationship to be very important as it provides the glue that allows the various aspects of the therapy to work together.2. Stress reduction techniques the individual learns various techniques for reducing stress, such as relaxation and self instructional training, communication, assertion, problem solving, anger control, parenting, study skills and using social support by using coping self statements.3. Application and follow through In this final phase, the individual imagines using the stress reduction techniques learned in the second phase in difficult situation s and engages in role play of such situations with the therapists, before using the techniques in a real life situations.Strengths of stress inoculation trainingOne important strength of Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) is that, it is very flexible. This is because, it consists of a wide variety of cognitive and behavioural techniques tailored to the individual needs of the client, which can be used to deal with many types of stressor (e.g., time-limited/persistent, controllable/uncontrollable, predictable/unpredictable, current/in the past).It has been found to be successful in helping people deal with the stress of chronic pain, performance anxiety, specific phobias and work related stress (Meichenbaum, 1977, 1985). This training has also helped athletes deal with the stress of competition (Mace, Eastmen Carroll, 1986) and helping patients prepare for surgery (Langer, Janis Wolfer, 1975).Weakness of stress inoculation trainingStress inoculation training is however of less value when treating individuals who are highly stressed or exposed to very stressful situations. Most individuals differ in how easy they find it to use coping self statements in stressful situations.Hardiness trainingOver these years, much research into stress has shown that there are significant individual differences in the way that people respond to stress. Since some individuals seem to cope better than others do, it makes sense to try to isolate the reasons why they can do so. The hope is that more effective ways of coping can be passed on to help those who are not as well prepared. Suzanne Kobasa (1986) has identified such individuals, who she describes as hardy, as those whose cognitive strategies are better suited to dealing with stress. For example, they are more able to identify the symptoms of stress hence avoiding action can be taken in time. They make more realistic assessments of stressors, including being aware of the positive aspects of stressful situations, opportunitie s and new challenges. Kobasa suggests that hardiness can be improved with appropriate training. Her programme consists of three techniques1. Focusing This explains that one should focus on the physical signs of stress and bear in mind when further attention is needed.2. Reconstructing stress situations This technique the individual to think about recent stressful situations and note how it might have turned out both better and worse, hence becoming aware that things could have been worse enables you to feel more positive.3. Compensation through self-improvement If an individual is affected by a stressor that cannot be changed or avoided, then it may be helpful to take on another challenge that can be mastered. Consequently, this assures you that you can hope.Strengths of hardiness trainingThere is little direct research evidence on the effectiveness of hardiness training and what research there is, however, Fischman taught a small number of executives these strategies and they had greater job satisfaction, fewer headaches, and better sleep patternsWeaknesses of hardiness trainingReports were made that people who have followed this kind of programme do score higher on a test of hardiness, report feeling less stressed, and have lower blood pressure than before, Sarafino (1990).The study was done on a small scale and there was no follow-up, so results may have been due to increased attention and communication onlySummaryBoth Meichenbaum (1985) and Kobasas(1986) approaches to stress management place great emphasis on the individual gaining control of a stressful situation because it is more often the sensation of being out of control that takes a situation beyond a persons ability to cope.

Unity in Bachs Cantata No.78 Essay -- Music Bach Musician Musical Ess

Unity in Bachs oratorio No.78According to Rowell, Musical composition became much longer, and composer were strained to evolve new means of maintaining unity and continuity over long time spans during the Baroque period. Therefore, the texture of music became genuinely important. When I look at the melodic texutre of the Cantata No. 78 by J. S. Bach, I realized that this turn was unified very well within a movement and as a whole piece by many techniques. Some of those techniques were found in the text, and the others were in the music.First of all, the text is well organized in hurt of its unity. The piece has seven movements. According to Fuller, The first and last movements adopt the text of an established mid-seventeenth-century chorale by Johann Rist. The middle movements have new text by an unknown poet who occasionally quotes or paraphrases middle stanzas of the chorale. Moreover, this unknown pot himself repeates some words in the text.Also, those tell words are often supported by music to emphasize the unity as a whole piece. For example, the word Ewigkeit (eternity) is originally in the seventh movement, and it is also sung in the sixth movement. The bingle in the seventh movement is at the very end of the piece with a fermate on the top of half throwaway (p. 543, m. 16). So the note posterior be extended as much as it needs to express the word, eternity. The one in the sixth movement is also a long note (p. 540-541, m. 37-38, 49-51). The word is associated with a whole note, half note and 1/8 note tied into 61/2 beats to express its meaning. Those two sections of the piece with the word, Ewigkeit, and similar music expression would make a squiffy connection between the two movement.Other examples which are s... ...se upon the music structure of the last movement. The Cantata No. 78 is a very long piece of music, so the poet and the composer needed to come up with techniques to maintain its unity. For example, there are several repeated wo rds to connect some movements together, repeated ending syllables to provide regularity in the whole piece, variation over the common bass line, and common musical development in the first and the last movement to round up as a whole piece. I believe that the fact of bringing the very basic music structure at the last movement and putting the most developed one in the first movement has very strong impact of unity. Since the music starts from much more developed and broader sense, and it has a direction towards more basic but focused and concentrated sense, it would develop the feeling of reverting to home or rounding up to a whole piece.

Dreams :: essays research papers

Dreams"I dont use drugs, my pipe dreams are frightening enough." (Escher) Why do we dream? Are they instructions from the apparitional world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure. One theory that is prevalent at present is that dreams result from the physiological "exercise" of the synapses of the brain. There is no proven fact on why we dream, which is why there are so many theories on the topic. There is Freuds theory that dreams carry our hidden desires and Jungs theory that dreams carry meaning, although not always of desire, and that the dreamer can interpret these dreams. After these theories, others continued such as the Cayce theory in that dreams are our bodies means of building up of the cordial, spiritual and physical well being. Finally came the argument between Evans theory and the haystack and Mitchinson theory. Evans states that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of information gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson say that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory is unbent, we may never know, but from these pastime theories we can decide for ourselves what we believe to be true and further help us into understanding our dreams.My own personal theory on why we dream is that the subconscious mind is always working. This results in dreams. The subconscious mind in an attempt to file away all of the information from the previous day results in dreams. A dream in my opinion is nothing more than a chemical reaction in the brain. In laboratory tests, when people were awaked during the RAPID pump MOVEMENT (REM) stage of sleep and asked to report what was on their mind just before awaking, about 90% reported an experience termed TRUE DREAM. When a true dream is experienced is seems as if it were an actual event rather than one thought or imagined. True dreams often involve a series of such exp eriences woven together in a somewhat bizarre story. Even those people who claimed to rarely dream or only remember fragments of dreams in the mornings were commensurate to give detailed accounts of a true dream experience when awakened during REM sleep. Those who were awakened during SLOW-WAVE sleep (the deeper, less mentally active stages of sleep) reported mental activity in only about 60% of cases.